Abstract
The limitations of conventional fluoroscopy were pointed out in detail by Chamberlain 1 in 1942. These limitations were due primarily to the low intensity of light at the fluoroscopic screen. In 1948, Coltman 2 described a method of brightening the fluoroscopic image by electronic means without increasing the x-ray dosage to the patient. This is done by replacing the conventional fluoroscope with a device that contains the electronic equipment that amplifies the image. Figure 1 illustrates the marked increase in visual acuity when the amplifier is used. 3 A considerable amount of experimental work has been done to determine the threshold of visibility of test objects with the amplifier. One of the best of these is the direct comparison between objects viewed on a standard fluoroscopic screen and those viewed on the amplifying fluoroscope. 4 This has clearly shown that the smallest objects that can be seen with the amplifying
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