Abstract
The antibiotic nitrofurantoin is a furan flanked by a nitro group and a hydantoin ring. It is used to treat lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) that have a lifetime incidence of 50−60% in adult women. UTIs are typically caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which are increasingly expressing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), rendering them multi-drug resistant. Nitrofurantoin is a first-line treatment for gram-negative ESBL-positive UTI patients, given that resistance to it is still rare (0% to 4.4%). Multiplex PCR of β-lactamase genes of the blaCTX-M groups 1, 2, 9 and 8/25 from ESBL-positive UTI patients treated at three referral hospitals in North Wales (UK) revealed the presence of a novel CTX-M-14-like gene harbouring the missense mutations T55A, A273P and R277C. While R277 is close to the active site, T55 and A273 are both located in external loops. Recombinant expression of CTX-M-14 and the mutated CTX-M-14 in the periplasm of E. coli revealed a significant increase in the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for nitrofurantoin from ≥6 μg/mL (CTX-M-14) to ≥512 μg/mL (mutated CTX-M-14). Consistent with this finding, the mutated CTX-M protein hydrolysed nitrofurantoin in a cell-free assay. Detection of a novel nitrofurantoin resistance gene indicates an emerging clinical problem in the treatment of gram-negative ESBL-positive UTI patients.
Highlights
The antibiotic nitrofurantoin contains a furan ring flanked by a nitro group and a hydantoin ring (Figure 1a)
We report here the isolation of a novel CTX-M-14-like beta-lactamase that renders E. coli cells nitrofurantoin-resistant
To characterize the beta-lactamases present in extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-positive urinary tract infections (UTIs) samples from three referral hospitals in North Wales (UK) (Figure 1b), 100 bacterial strains isolated from UTI samples from each site were sub-cultured; the DNA was extracted; and the beta-lactamase genes of the blaCTX-M groups
Summary
The antibiotic nitrofurantoin contains a furan ring flanked by a nitro group and a hydantoin ring (Figure 1a). It is used to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are considered the most common outpatient infections around the world with a lifetime incidence of 50−60% in adult women [1]. Most UTIs in non-catheterized older adults are caused by only one bacterial species, typically uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and more rarely by Staphylococcus saprophyticus, or Enterococcus [1]. Nitrofurantoin is a first-line antibiotic as only a very low number of UPECs are resistant to it (range: 0–4.4%) [2]. It has been considered a most effective antibiotic against E. coli strains, including ESBL producers [3].
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