The Alien Invader, Rhus typhina L., Outperforms Its Native Competitor in the Scenario of Nitrogen Deposition and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Inoculation

Abstract

Nitrogen deposition has been proven to facilitate the establishment of alien plants. Previous studies have certified that nitrogen deposition enhances the resource availability of habitats and promotes the growth of alien invaders. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiose with vascular plants and assist plants in nutrient acquisition. AMF colonization has been proven to be another driving factor of plant invasion. However, few studies have integrated nitrogen deposition and AMF inoculation into the exploration on invasion mechanism. Based on a trait approach, the present study subjected the alien invader, Rhus typhina L., and its co-occurring native species, Acer truncatum Bunge, to nitrogen deposition and AMF inoculation and compared the phenotypic variation in aboveground and belowground traits in an inter-specific competition experiment. Through the effects of different nitrogen deposition and AMF infection on the functional traits of R. typhina and A. truncatum, the effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis between R. typhina and A. truncatum on abiotic factors and interspecific relationships were analyzed. We found that inter-specific competition stimulated the colonization of AMF in R. typhina, however, decreased the colonization rate of AMF in A. truncatum. Correspondingly, inter-specific competition significantly reduced the plant growth of A. truncatum as the aboveground morphological traits including plant height and crown area, and belowground traits including root length, root surface area, root volume, number of root tips, number of root tip branches and number of root cross decreased for A. truncatum. Nitrogen deposition promoted the shoot growth of R. typhina rather than that of A. truncatum. AMF inoculation significantly affected the belowground traits of A. truncatum as the root length and root surface area significantly decreased after AMF inoculation in the mixture planting of the two species. The chlorophyll content of A. truncatum decreased without AMF inoculation, while nitrogen deposition enhanced the net photosynthetic rate of R. typhina. The alien invader R. typhina outperforms its native competitor in the simulated scenario of resource fluctuation and facilitates its establishment. We speculate that AMF colonization promotes the extension of R. typhina rhizosphere and, thus, accelerates the growth and invasion of R. typhina.