Abstract
Urinary bladder function changes with aging. In the older population symptoms of increased diurnal frequency, incontinence and/or retention are most prevalent. Objective measurements of bladder function in the aged reveal a high incidence of detrusor hyperactivity and decrease in flow rates. Intrinsic changes of the anatomy and neuropharmacology of the bladder associated with aging are noted in animal models and humans. However, aging is also associated with central and peripheral neurologic changes and diseases, as well as anatomic and functional changes in the bladder outlet which affect bladder function. At present it is difficult to distinguish in the individual patient which of these factors (extrinsic, intrinsic or both) are the etiology for functional changes of the bladder with aging. For most individuals, however, the major factors influencing bladder changes with aging are extrinsic neurologic diseases and/or changes in the bladder outlet.
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