Abstract
BackgroundOwing to the mechanics of anti-doping regulation via the World Anti-Doping Agency's Prohibited List, nutritional supplement use received little attention in comparison to the prevalence of doping. The aims of this study were to investigate supplement use, identify groups of athletes with high levels of supplement use and the prevalence of concomitant use of supplements.MethodsSurvey data from 847 high-performing athletes in the UK were analysed using descriptive statistics. The survey, conducted by UK Sport, consisted of questions regarding knowledge of the prohibited substances, testing procedure, nutritional supplement use and perceptions of the doping problem. The proportion of supplement users and the relative use of each supplement were compared by age, gender and professional status.ResultsAmong 874 high-performing athletes in the UK sample, 58.8% of them reported the use of at least one nutritional supplement. Among supplement users, 82.6% used more than one and 11.5% reported use of more than five nutritional supplements. Of the 9 supplements listed, multivitamins (72.6%) and vitamin C (70.7%) were used most, followed by creatine (36.1%), whey protein (31.7%), echinacea (30.9%), iron (29.9%) and caffeine (23.7%). Less than 11% reported the use of magnesium or ginseng. Creatine use was typically associated with males regardless of status and across all ages, whereas iron was characteristically used by females. A 'typical' supplement user is male, between 24 and 29 years of age, involved in professional sport and using a combination of supplements. Male professional players between age 30 and 34 years, and female non-professional athletes between 24 and 29 years of age also represented a considerable proportion of supplement users. Athletes older than 40 years of age were practically non-users. Concomitant use of supplements is characteristic of male users more than females.ConclusionAs supplement use has been previously shown to increase the probability of prohibited substance use, groups exhibiting high use of nutritional supplements should be monitored. Future research should incorporate a wide range of supplements and enquire about the daily amount ingested. In addition to tutoring, preventive measures should incorporate offering acceptable and healthy alternatives for assisted performance enhancement.
Highlights
Owing to the mechanics of anti-doping regulation via the World Anti-Doping Agency's Prohibited List, nutritional supplement use received little attention in comparison to the prevalence of doping
Owing to the mechanics of the anti-doping regulation via the World Anti-Doping Agency's Prohibited List, nutritional supplement use has received little attention in the past in comparison to the prevalence of doping despite a growing body of evidence, which supports the assumption that performance enhancing supplement use positively correlates with the probability of prohibited performance enhancing substance use [1,2,3]
We provide a nutritional supplement users' profile of UK high-performance athletes to inform policy makers and researchers
Summary
Owing to the mechanics of anti-doping regulation via the World Anti-Doping Agency's Prohibited List, nutritional supplement use received little attention in comparison to the prevalence of doping. Owing to the mechanics of the anti-doping regulation via the World Anti-Doping Agency's Prohibited List, nutritional supplement use has received little attention in the past in comparison to the prevalence of doping despite a growing body of evidence, which supports the assumption that performance enhancing supplement use positively correlates with the probability of prohibited performance enhancing substance use [1,2,3]. A noticeable positive association was found between supplement use and i) a perception that doping is a problem and ii) knowledge of doping testing procedure The interpretation of such findings may be that supplement users have the need or desire to assist their performance but wish to do so by legal means, or alternatively, supplement use is the first step in their 'pharmacological training' [5]. Certain nutritional supplements can be detrimental to health; their use should be closely monitored
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