Abstract
Introduction 1. Slave trading and forced labor migrations 2. Family diasporas and parenthood lost 3. Malnutrition, ecological risks, and slave mortality 4. Reproductive exploitation and child mortality 5. Slave household subsistence and women's work 6. The impacts of Civil War on slave families 7. The risks of emancipation for black families 8. Reconstruction threats to black family survival Theoretical reprise.
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