Abstract
The effect of chemical composition on the activity of metal ions in natural waters can be determined by using ionic interaction models (Whitfield, 1979). The two most popular models used by various workers in recent years are the ion pairing model (Dickson and Whitfield, 1981; Millero and Schreiber, 1982) and the specific interaction model as formulated by Pitzer (Pitzer, 1973; Whitfield, 1975; Harvie and Weare, 1980; Krumgalz and Millero, 1982; Millero, 1983a,b). The specific interaction model yields reliable activity estimates for the major ionic components, while the ion pairing model yields reliable estimates for the minor ionic components (Whitfield, 1979; Millero and Schreiber, 1982). The failure of the equations of Pitzer is not due to deficiencies in the model, but a lack of parameters for the interactions of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions with minor anions (OH-, HCO 3 - , CO 3 2- , etc.).
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