The activities of 5α-reductase and 17,20-lyase determine the direction through androgen synthesis pathways in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Abstract

ObjectiveThe ‘backdoor’ pathway provides an efficient route from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD). 17-OHP is a good substrate for 5α-reductase leading to 17α-hydroxyallopregnanolone, which is an excellent substrate for the 17,20-lyase activity of CYP17A1. 5α-Reductase and CYP17A1 are therefore two crucial enzymes in the backdoor route. The 17,20-lyase activity of CYP17A1 additionally promotes the conversion of 17-OHP and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to androgens in the classical Δ4 and Δ5 pathways. Thus, we hypothesised that the activities of 5α-reductase and 17,20-lyase should determine the flux through the androgen synthesis pathways in patients with 21-OHD. Design and methodsWe compared retrospectively urinary steroid hormone profiles determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of 142 untreated 21-OHD patients (age range: 1day to 25.4years; 51 males) with 138 control subjects. ResultsThe relative activities of the backdoor pathway and 5α-reductase correlated significantly (p<0.0001). Neonates with 21-OHD demonstrated a moderate activity of the 5α-reductase leading to moderate 17α-hydroxyallopregnanolone generation in the backdoor pathway. Due to substantial 17,20-lyase activity, 17α-hydroxyallopregnanolone is converted rapidly to androsterone. During infancy, the activity of 5α-reductase is very high leading to a high activity of the backdoor pathway until the generation of 17α-hydroxyallopregnanolone. Only a moderate androsterone production is the result of low 17,20-lyase activity. Children show a low 5α-reductase and a high 17,20-lyase activity leading to a low androsterone generation via the backdoor pathway. ConclusionThe 5α-reductase is the gatekeeper of the backdoor pathway, whereas the 17,20-lyase activity of CYP17A1 is the regulator of the flux through the androgen pathways.