Abstract
Adult stem cells (ASCs) are the undifferentiated cells that possess self-renewal and differentiation abilities. They are present in all major organ systems of the body and are uniquely reserved there during development for tissue maintenance during homeostasis, injury, and infection. They do so by promptly modulating the dynamics of proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. Any imbalance in these processes may result in regeneration failure or developing cancer. Hence, the dynamics of these various behaviors of ASCs need to always be precisely controlled. Several genetic and epigenetic factors have been demonstrated to be involved in tightly regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal of ASCs. Understanding these mechanisms is of great importance, given the role of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Investigations on various animal models have played a significant part in enriching our knowledge and giving In Vivo in-sight into such ASCs regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we have discussed the recent In Vivo studies demonstrating the role of various genetic factors in regulating dynamics of different ASCs viz. intestinal stem cells (ISCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and epidermal stem cells (Ep-SCs).
Highlights
The sustained functions of various tissues in the body are maintained by a population of cells with self-renewal ability called adult stem cells (ASCs) or tissue-resident stem cells
This review aims to shed some light on adult stem cell dynamics based on In Vivo evidence from mainly four types of adult stem cells: intestinal stem cell (ISC), neural stem cells (NSC), hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and epidermal stem cell (EpSC)
Reports show that enterocytes, when subjected to apoptosis, infection or stress, produce cytokines called Unpaireds (UPD) which activate Janus Kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling in ISC, causing rapid proliferation
Summary
The sustained functions of various tissues in the body are maintained by a population of cells with self-renewal ability called adult stem cells (ASCs) or tissue-resident stem cells. The identified ASCs so far include mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which give rise to osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages; hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which replenish cell types of the blood; germline stem cells giving rise to germ cells; epithelial stem cells of the skin, found on the bulge of hair follicles; neural stem cells in the central nervous system; muscle stem cells or satellite stem cells found usually in between the basal membrane and cell membrane of myofibers; stem/progenitor cells in the liver, lungs, cardiac tissue, pancreas etc These identified adult stem cells could include “true” stem cells or a population of stem and progenitor cells. Research done by different groups has identified different subsets of such cells within the same tissue, making it difficult to give a consistent definition When it comes to defining tissue-resident stem cells, the general consensus is their potential to self-renew and differentiate. The role of genetic factors is discussed here, emphasizing the insights gained from animal models
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