Abstract
Hypersensitivity to galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) is an informative example of a pathologic IgE-mediated process. By way of their saliva, ticks are able to sensitize humans to tick dietary elements that express α-gal. Mites, which along with ticks constitute the phyletic subclass Acari, feed on proteinaceous foodstuffs that represent most, if not all, human allergens. Given: (1) the gross nature of the pathophysiological reactions of allergy, especially anaphylaxis, (2) the allergenicity of acarian foodstuffs, and (3) the relatedness of ticks and mites, it has been hypothesized that human-acarian interactions are cardinal to the pathogenesis of allergy. In this report, a means by which such interactions contribute to that pathogenesis is proposed.
Highlights
Mammalian innate immunity is orchestrated by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed on the membranous surfaces of microorganisms
The immune system of mites is not yet well-characterizedthat of ticks is, especially that of ticks of the genus Ixodes, including I. ricinus, a causative agent of α-gal hypersensitivity in Europe [26]. Contained within both saliva and hemolymph of these acarian, IgE directed against the tag protein, (2) specious IgE directed against the foodstuff, (3) felicitous Ig directed against the pathogen
Especially that of ticks of the genus Ixodes, including I. ricinus, a causative agent of α-gal 3 of 9 hypersensitivity in Europe [26]. Contained within both saliva and hemolymph of these ticks are ixoderins [27], well-described members of a family of acarian PRRs that function as opsonins
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The coexistence of pathogens and housekeeping opsonins in acarian salivary glands and gut [22,24] makes it a certainty that complexes comprised of both are transmitted in acarian saliva and/or stool when anand acarian interacts with a human,. The coexistence of pathogens housekeeping opsonins in acarian glands and gut [22,24] makes it a certainty that complexes comprised of both are transmitted in of 9 acarian saliva and/or stool when an acarian interacts with a human, Figure 1.
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