The 50th anniversary of the Konopka and Benzer 1971 paper in PNAS: “Clock Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster”

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.

L objectif de cette étude est double : faire connaître un texte encore non édité à partir de la transcription la plus fidèle possible d un manuscrit sélectionné comme un témoin historique authentique au plan de l histoire littéraire mais aussi d un état de langue donné. La transcription méthodique du texte sert donc à mettre au jour certaines pratiques linguistiques du copiste. On y observe des usages graphiques qui dépassent la fonction phonogrammique, reconnue comme primordiale à l origine, pour atteindre à un usage morphogrammique mis en valeur par des graphies spécifiques faisant apparaître la récurrence de morphèmes grammaticaux et lexicaux ; d autre part, des micro-systèmes apparaissent à travers l emploi original des séquences et des segmentations graphiques qui, dans ce manuscrit, procèdent bien souvent d un geste réflexif. Ces observations conduisent à penser qu une grammaire du français remonte au-delà du XVe siècle. On décèlerait ainsi chez ce copiste une amorce de réflexion grammaticale sur la procédure de mise en texte de son manuscrit qui annoncerait la mise en théorie du français, caractéristique du XVe et surtout du XVIe siècles. Alors qu il se situe bien antérieurement à toute forme de norme prescriptive, ce manuscrit, qui à côté d usages linguistiques plus traditionnels (XIIe-XIIIe siècles) met en place un certain nombre de micro-systèmes tant dans le fonctionnement des graphies que dans celui des séquences graphiques, n en annonce pas moins quelques uns des principes qui conduiront à la codification standardisée du français. De ce point de vue, il permet de déceler l existence d un continuum dans l histoire des pratiques manuscrites du français, inscrivant cette étude dans les perspectives de la recherche contemporaine sur la Diachronie du français.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.

Micro-nano plastics originating from the prevalent usage of plastics have raised increasingly alarming concerns worldwide. However, there remains a fundamental knowledge gap in nanoplastics because of the lack of effective analytical ...Plastics are now omnipresent in our daily lives. The existence of microplastics (1 µm to 5 mm in length) and possibly even nanoplastics (<1 μm) has recently raised health concerns. In particular, nanoplastics are believed to be more toxic since their ...

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.