The 3′-end region of the human PDGFR-β core promoter nuclease hypersensitive element forms a mixture of two unique end-insertion G-quadruplexes

Abstract

BackgroundWhile the most stable G-quadruplex formed in the human PDGFR-β promoter nuclease hypersensitive element (NHE) is the 5′-mid G-quadruplex, the 3′-end sequence that contains a 3′-GGA run forms a less stable G-quadruplex. Recently, the 3′-end G-quadruplex was found to be a transcriptional repressor and can be selectively targeted by a small molecule for PDGFR-β downregulation. MethodWe use 1D and 2D high-field NMR, in combination with Dimethylsulfate Footprinting, Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy, and Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay. ResultsWe determine that the PDGFR-β extended 3′-end NHE sequence forms two novel end-insertion intramolecular G-quadruplexes that co-exist in equilibrium under physiological salt conditions. One G-quadruplex has a 3′-non-adjacent flanking guanine inserted into the 3′-external tetrad (3′-insertion-G4), and another has a 5′-non-adjacent flanking guanine inserted into the 5′-external tetrad (5′-insertion-G4). The two guanines in the GGA-run move up or down within the G-quadruplex to accommodate the inserted guanine. Each end-insertion G-quadruplex has a low thermal stability as compared to the 5′-mid G-quadruplex, but the selective stabilization of GSA1129 shifts the equilibrium toward the 3′-end G-quadruplex in the PDGFR-β NHE. ConclusionAn equilibrium mixture of two unique end-insertion intramolecular G-quadruplexes forms in the PDGFR-β NHE 3′-end sequence that contains a GGA-run and non-adjacent guanines in both the 3′- and 5′- flanking segments; the novel end-insertion structures of the 3′-end G-quadruplex are selectively stabilized by GSA1129. General significanceWe show for the first time that an equilibrium mixture of two unusual end-insertion G-quadruplexes forms in a native promoter sequence and appears to be the molecular recognition for PDGFR-β downregulation.