Abstract
In situ and remote-sensing measurements have been used to characterize the run-up phase and the phenomena that occurred during the August–November 2014 flank eruption at Stromboli. Data comprise videos recorded by the visible and infrared camera network, ground displacement recorded by the permanent-sited Ku-band, Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBInSAR) device, seismic signals (band 0.02–10 Hz), and high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) reconstructed based on Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and tri-stereo PLEIADES-1 imagery. This work highlights the importance of considering data from in situ sensors and remote-sensing platforms in monitoring active volcanoes. Comparison of data from live-cams, tremor amplitude, localization of Very-Long-Period (VLP) source and amplitude of explosion quakes, and ground displacements recorded by GBInSAR in the crater terrace provide information about the eruptive activity, nowcasting the shift in eruptive style of explosive to effusive. At the same time, the landslide activity during the run-up and onset phases could be forecasted and tracked using the integration of data from the GBInSAR and the seismic landslide index. Finally, the use of airborne and space-borne DEMs permitted the detection of topographic changes induced by the eruptive activity, allowing for the estimation of a total volume of 3.07 ± 0.37 × 106 m3 of the 2014 lava flow field emplaced on the steep Sciara del Fuoco slope.
Highlights
Stromboli volcano (Italy; Figure 1), a stratovolcano located at the easternmost end of the Aeolian Archipelago, experienced a flank eruption from August–November 2014 [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
The use of airborne and space-borne Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) permitted the detection of topographic changes induced by the eruptive activity, allowing for the estimation of a total volume of 3.07 ± 0.37 × 106 m3 of the 2014 lava flow field emplaced on the steep Sciara del Fuoco slope
Live-cam and explosion-quake data revealed that the explosive activity peaked between 5 and 6 August 2014, whereas the Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBInSAR) device recorded a drastic increase in the displacement rate since the morning of 6 August, consistent with a strong inflation of the crater terrace;
Summary
Stromboli volcano (Italy; Figure 1), a stratovolcano located at the easternmost end of the Aeolian Archipelago, experienced a flank eruption from August–November 2014 [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Stromboli is characterized by persistent Strombolian activity from several vents within a crater terrace area [9,14] (Figure 1b). Landslides triggered tsunamis on average every 20 years [18], especially during flank eruptions or paroxysmal explosions [12,19,20]. Small to large volcano slope instability characterized the initial phases of the last four flank eruptions (1985–86, 2002–03, 2007, 2014) [21,22,23,24], triggering tsunamis only during the 2002–03 event [22,25]
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