Abstract
Chloroplast ATP synthase (cpATPase) is responsible for ATP production during photosynthesis. Our previous studies showed that the cpATPase CF1 α subunit (AtpA) is a key protein involved in Clonostachys rosea-induced resistance to the fungus Botrytis cinerea in tomato. Here, we show that expression of the tomato atpA gene was upregulated by B. cinerea and Clonostachys rosea. The tomato atpA gene was then isolated, and transgenic tobacco lines were obtained. Compared with untransformed plants, atpA-overexpressing tobacco showed increased resistance to B. cinerea, characterized by reduced disease incidence, defense-associated hypersensitive response-like reactions, balanced reactive oxygen species, alleviated damage to the chloroplast ultrastructure of leaf cells, elevated levels of ATP content and cpATPase activity, and enhanced expression of genes related to carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, and defense. Incremental Ca2+ efflux and steady H+ efflux were observed in transgenic tobacco after inoculation with B. cinerea. In addition, overexpression of atpA conferred enhanced tolerance to salinity and resistance to the fungus Cladosporium fulvum. Thus, AtpA is a key regulator that links signaling to cellular redox homeostasis, ATP biosynthesis, and gene expression of resistance traits to modulate immunity to pathogen infection and provides broad-spectrum resistance in plants in the process.
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