Abstract
TGF-β promotes tumor invasion and metastasis by inducing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the underlying mechanisms causing this are not entirely clear. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) have been shown to play important regulatory roles in cancer progression. The lncRNA malat1 (metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) is a critical regulator of the metastasis phenotype of lung cancer cells. We, therefore, investigated whether TGF-β regulates malat1 expression to promote tumor metastasis of bladder cancer. The expression levels of malat1 and EMT markers were assayed in specimens of bladder cancer. The role of malat1 in regulating bladder cancer metastasis was evaluated in cell and animal models. TGF-β induces malat1 expression and EMT in bladder cancer cells. malat1 overexpression is significantly correlated with poor survival in patients with bladder cancer. malat1 and E-cadherin expression is negatively correlated in vitro and in vivo. malat1 knockdown inhibits TGF-β-induced EMT. malat1 is associated with suppressor of zeste 12 (suz12), and this association results in decrease of E-cadherin expression and increase of N-cadherin and fibronectin expression. Furthermore, targeted inhibition of malat1 or suz12 suppresses the migratory and invasive properties induced by TGF-β. Finally, we demonstrated that malat1 or suz12 knockdown inhibits tumor metastasis in animal models. These data suggest that malat1 is an important mediator of TGF-β-induced EMT, and suggest that malat1 inhibition may represent a promising therapeutic option for suppressing bladder cancer progression.
Highlights
Human bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide [1, 2]
TGF-b induces malat1 expression and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in bladder cancer cells. malat1 overexpression is significantly correlated with poor survival in patients with bladder cancer. malat1 and E-cadherin expression is negatively correlated in vitro and in vivo. malat1 knockdown inhibits TGF-b–induced EMT. malat1 is associated with suppressor of zeste 12, and this association results in decrease of E-cadherin expression and increase of N-cadherin and fibronectin expression
These data suggest that malat1 is an important mediator of TGF-b–induced EMT, and suggest that malat1 inhibition may represent a promising therapeutic option for suppressing bladder cancer progression
Summary
Human bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide [1, 2]. The majority of bladder cancers are urothelial cell carcinomas evolved from the epithelial lining of the bladder wall [3, 4]. The urothelial carcinomas are noninvasive tumors that commonly recur but rarely progress. Patients with invasive cancer have a much worse prognosis, with a 50% 5-year survival [5]. The advances in suitable therapy for the purpose of increasing survival rate have been limited because the molecular mechanisms causing metastasis are not entirely known. Revealing the underlying mechanism of bladder cancer metastasis is indispensable for developing effective therapy
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