TFIIF-associating Carboxyl-terminal Domain Phosphatase Dephosphorylates Phosphoserines 2 and 5 of RNA Polymerase II

Abstract

The carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase (RNAP) II subunit undergoes reversible phosphorylation throughout the transcription cycle. The unphosphorylated form of RNAP II is referred to as IIA, whereas the hyperphosphorylated form is known as IIO. Phosphorylation occurs predominantly at serine 2 and serine 5 within the CTD heptapeptide repeat and has functional implications for RNAP II with respect to initiation, elongation, and transcription-coupled RNA processing. In an effort to determine the role of the major CTD phosphatase (FCP1) in regulating events in transcription that appear to be influenced by serine 2 and serine 5 phosphorylation, the specificity of FCP1 was examined. FCP1 is capable of dephosphorylating heterogeneous RNAP IIO populations of HeLa nuclear extracts. The extent of dephosphorylation at specific positions was assessed by immunoreactivity with monoclonal antibodies specific for phosphoserine 2 or phosphoserine 5. As an alternative method to assess FCP1 specificity, RNAP IIO isozymes were prepared in vitro by the phosphorylation of purified calf thymus RNAP IIA with specific CTD kinases and used as substrates for FCP1. FCP1 dephosphorylates serine 2 and serine 5 with comparable efficiency. Accordingly, the specificity of FCP1 is sufficiently broad to dephosphorylate RNAP IIO at any point in the transcription cycle irrespective of the site of serine phosphorylation within the consensus repeat.