Abstract
In recent years, wearable electronic devices have made considerable progress thanks to the rapid development of the Internet of Things. However, even though some of them have preliminarily achieved miniaturization and wearability, the drawbacks of frequent charging and physical rigidity of conventional lithium batteries, which are currently the most commonly used power source of wearable electronic devices, have become technical bottlenecks that need to be broken through urgently. In order to address the above challenges, the technology based on triboelectric effect, i.e., triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), is proposed to harvest energy from ambient environment and considered as one of the most promising methods to integrate with functional electronic devices to form wearable self-powered microsystems. Benefited from excellent flexibility, high output performance, no materials limitation, and a quantitative relationship between environmental stimulation inputs and corresponding electrical outputs, TENGs present great advantages in wearable energy harvesting, active sensing, and driving actuators. Furthermore, combined with the superiorities of TENGs and fabrics, textile-based TENGs (T-TENGs) possess remarkable breathability and better non-planar surface adaptability, which are more conducive to the integrated wearable electronic devices and attract considerable attention. Herein, for the purpose of advancing the development of wearable electronic devices, this article reviews the recent development in materials for the construction of T-TENGs and methods for the enhancement of electrical output performance. More importantly, this article mainly focuses on the recent representative work, in which T-TENGs-based active sensors, T-TENGs-based self-driven actuators, and T-TENGs-based self-powered microsystems are studied. In addition, this paper summarizes the critical challenges and future opportunities of T-TENG-based wearable integrated microsystems.
Highlights
Introduction published maps and institutional affilThe rapid development of the Internet of Things technology has led to rapid growth in the number of smart wearable devices
Scientists have devoted themselves to constructing T-triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) energy harvesters, active sensors, and actuators, etc., and combining them to form a textile-based self-powered microsystem
Carbon-based conductive materials, and polymer conductive materials on fibers or fabrics, the fibers and fabrics are conductive, which can be used as electrodes for textile-based TENGs (T-TENGs)
Summary
TENG works based on the triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction, when two materials with different electron affinities are in contact, they will get surface charges of different polarities, and convert kinetic energy into electrical energy [44,45,46]. The TENG of the RS mode has a similar structure to the CS mode, and uses the contact separation between two triboelectric pairs to generate voltage and current. The difference is that RS mode uses lateral polarization due to the relative sliding of the triboelectric pair (Figure 2b), which can work at a higher frequency due to its structural characteristics and improve efficiency. The pressure or pulling force generated by human body motion causes contact and separation between triboelectric materials, and T-TENG can collect energy. Moving triboelectric materials do not require additional electrodes [64,65]
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