Abstract
The beam-beam effects have been the dominating sources of beam loss and lifetime limitations in the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider [1]. Electron lenses were originally proposed for compensation of electromagnetic long-range and head-on beam-beam interactions of proton and antiproton beams [2]. Results of successful employment of two electron lenses built and installed in the Tevatron are reported in [3,4,5]. In this paper we present design features of the Tevatron electron lenses (TELs), discuss the generation of electron beams, describe different modes of operation and outline the technical parameters of various subsystems.
Highlights
Fermilab’s Tevatron is a high-energy accelerator in which tightly focused beams of 980 GeV protons and antiprotons collide at two dedicated interaction points (IPs)
Three conditions were found to be crucial for successful compensation of beam-beam effects by the electron lenses [3]: (1) the electron beam must be transversely centered on the proton bunches, within 0.2–0.5 mm, along the entire interaction length; (b) fluctuations in the electron current need to be less than 1%, and the timing jitter within 1 ns, in order to Symbol Value Unit
The design of this system includes the ability to measure the position of antiproton bunches and proton bunches with the same beam-position monitor (BPM) plates as the electron beam
Summary
Fermilab’s Tevatron is a high-energy accelerator in which tightly focused beams of 980 GeV protons and antiprotons collide at two dedicated interaction points (IPs). Both beams share the same beam pipe and magnet aperture and, in order to avoid multiple detrimental headon collisions, the beams are placed on separated orbits everywhere except the main IPs by using high-voltage (HV) electrostatic separators. Both lenses are used in two regimes of operation—(a) for compensation of beam-beam effects [3,4] and (b) for removal of uncaptured particles from the abort gaps between the bunch trains [5]. We present the main design features of the Tevatron electron lenses, describe in detail the major subsystems, and discuss the experience with the lenses in the Tevatron
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