Abstract
Marine pufferfish generally involve a potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX), which might be the leading cause for many human intoxications. It blocks nervous impulses’ conduction along nerve fibers and axons during the act, and the LD50 for the mouse is 10 nanograms. Being much larger than the sodium ion, TTX acts as a cork of a bottle, prevents sodium from flowing until it diffuses slowly. The TTX expanse appears to be species-specific in pufferfish bodies. The toxin is thought to bioaccumulate via the marine food based on the observations that marine pufferfishes that are cultured are not toxic, and non-toxic cultured pufferfishes become toxic when they feed on TTX-containing artificial diets. TTX-bearing animals show incredibly high resistance to TTX, and therefore TTX presumably retains or accumulates as a biological defense substance. These animals carrying TTX can accumulate toxins in their bodies despite not killing themselves is an object of interest. Fort his reason, and it is argued that TTX is wrapped in a particular protein and does not bind directly to the target's side-sodium channel, and therefore does not induce intoxication. The pufferfish TTX-binding protein (PSTBP) was first isolated as a potential TTX-carrier protein from the plasma of the marine pufferfish Takifugu niphobles. This protein is discovered to be a dimeric glycoprotein and formed a non-covalent dimer.
Highlights
Marine pufferfishes from the Tetraodontidae family are commonly considered significant threats to consumers due to the involvement of a potent neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin (TTX) can be lethal for humans
The results show that female individuals have higher TTX levels being compared to male pufferfishes during all seasons apart from summer (Torquigener flavimaculosus) (Köşker et al, 2018)
Yotsu-Yamashita et al (2010), found that pufferfish often have the same type of glycoproteins that are similar to the proteins that bind the puffer fish's saxitoxins and tetrodotoxins (PSTBP), yet N-glycan sizes are claimed to be specific for each species
Summary
Marine pufferfishes from the Tetraodontidae family are commonly considered significant threats to consumers due to the involvement of a potent neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin (TTX) can be lethal for humans. The level of toxicity is observed to be high in the liver and ovary; as for the brackish water and freshwater species toxicity, it is higher in the skin (Noguch & Arawaka, 2008; Bane et al 2014; Gao et al, 2019).
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