Abstract
Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze, called New Zealand spinach (NZS), is an edible plant used in salad in Western countries and has been used to treat gastrointestinal diseases in traditional medicine. We examined the anti-obesity and anti-hyperuricemic effects of NZS and the underlying mechanisms in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Mice were fed a normal-fat diet (NFD); high-fat diet (HFD); HFD with 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg NZS extract; or 245 mg/kg Garcinia cambogia (GC) extract. NZS decreased body weight gain, total white adipose tissue (WAT), liver weight, and size of adipocytes and improved hepatic and plasma lipid profiles. With NZS, the plasma levels of the leptin and uric acid were significantly decreased while the levels of the adiponectin were increased. Furthermore, NZS decreased the expression levels of adipogenesis-related genes and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), which is involved in uric acid production, while increasing that of proteins associated with fatty acid oxidation. UPLC analysis revealed that NZS contained 6-methoxykaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucosyl(1′′′→2′′)-β-d-glucopyranoside, 6-methoxykaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucosyl(1′′′→2′′)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(6′′′′-caffeoyl)-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, and 6,4′-dimethoxykaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucosyl(1′′′→2′′)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(6′′′′-caffeoyl)-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside. These results suggest that NZS exerts anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-hyperuricemic effects in HFD-induced obese mice, which are partly explained by regulation of lipid-metabolism-related genes and proteins and decreased expression of XOR.
Highlights
Obesity is a serious public health problem that threatens human health worldwide
Nutrients 2018, 10, 1087 the development of metabolic disorders, since uric acid regulates the oxidative stress, inflammation, and proteins involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, and hyperuricemia is positively associated with increased visceral fat mass and various metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis [4,5]
We found that New Zealand spinach (NZS) reduced body weight gain, white adipose tissue (WAT) and adipocyte size, liver weight, hepatic TG
Summary
Obesity is a serious public health problem that threatens human health worldwide. It results from abnormalities in energy metabolism in adipose tissue, which leads to increased fat mass in tissues, such as adipose tissue and liver tissue, and elevated lipids levels in the blood [1,2]. Hyperuricemia is characterized by elevated blood uric acid levels, the final product of purine metabolism. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1087 the development of metabolic disorders, since uric acid regulates the oxidative stress, inflammation, and proteins involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, and hyperuricemia is positively associated with increased visceral fat mass and various metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis [4,5]. Uric acid production in adipose tissue is accompanied by increased xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity, which degrades hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid
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