Abstract
Testicular cancer comprises several different neoplasms, which originate from different cell types present in the testis. The vast majority of tumors are derived from germ cells, and more than 90% occur in young men. The testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) of young men (seminoma and nonseminoma) have a precursor lesion, germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) which has features of delayed maturation. TGCT are associated with other developmental diseases of the male reproductive system within the testicular dysgenesis syndrome. The incidence of testicular cancer has been increasing, suggestive of multifactorial and polygenic background, with a strong environmental component and gene variants modulating the risk. Other TGCT that are not associated with GCNIS are relatively rare and occur in children (teratomas and yolk sac tumor) or in middle-aged and older men (spermatocytic tumor). Testicular somatic cell neoplasms, known as sex cord-stromal tumors, are rare, except Leydig cell tumors, and include several tumor types, sometimes associated with other cancer syndromes. The biological features of different testicular neoplasms and the mechanisms of their pathogenesis are in focus in this chapter.
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