Abstract
A diverse diet is important to address micronutrient deficiencies and other forms of malnutrition, one of the greatest challenges of today's food systems. In tropical countries, several studies have found a positive association between forest cover and dietary diversity, although the actual mechanisms of this has yet to be identified and quantified. Three complementary pathways may link forests to diets: a direct pathway (e.g., consumption of forest food), an income pathway (income from forest products used to purchase food from markets), and an agroecological pathway (forests and trees sustaining farm production). We used piece-wise structural equation modeling to test and quantify the relative contribution of these three pathways for households in seven tropical landscapes in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Nicaragua, and Zambia. We used survey data from 1,783 households and determined forest cover within a 2-km radius of each household. The quality of household diets was assessed through four indicators: household dietary diversity and consumption of fruits, vegetables, and meat, based on a 24-h recall. We found evidence of a direct pathway in four landscapes (Bangladesh, Cameroon, Ethiopia, and Zambia), an income pathway in none of the landscapes considered, and an agroecological pathway in three landscapes (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Indonesia). We also found evidence of improved crop and livestock production with greater forest cover in five landscapes (Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, and Indonesia). Conversely, we found negative associations between forest cover and crop and livestock production in three landscapes (Cameroon, Indonesia, and Zambia). In addition, we found evidence of forest cover being negatively related to at least one indicator of diet quality in three landscapes (Indonesia, Nicaragua, and Zambia) and to integration to the cash economy in three landscapes (Cameroon, Ethiopia, and Nicaragua). This is one of the first studies to quantify the different mechanisms linking forest cover and diet. Our work illuminates the fact that these mechanisms can vary significantly from one site to another, calling for site-specific interventions. Our results also suggest that the positive contributions of forests to rural livelihoods cannot be generalized and should not be idealized.
Highlights
An estimated two billion people are currently affected by “hidden hunger,” i.e., micronutrient deficiencies (Muthayya et al, 2013; IFPRI, 2014; HLPE, 2017)
In Bangladesh, teak plantations could not be discriminated from surrounding forests as they were spectrally similar and mostly quite small (
While a growing number of studies have found fairly consistent relationships between forest cover and diet quality (Ickowitz et al, 2014; Galway et al, 2018; Rasolofoson et al, 2018), this study highlights the diversity of pathways that may be driving these relationships
Summary
An estimated two billion people are currently affected by “hidden hunger,” i.e., micronutrient deficiencies (Muthayya et al, 2013; IFPRI, 2014; HLPE, 2017). Poor quality diet is one of the leading risk factors for mortality globally (Afshin et al, 2019; Willett et al, 2019) and nutrition-related chronic diseases are increasingly a problem in developing counties (IFPRI, 2014). Poor diet quality contributes to both micronutrient deficiency and chronic nutrition-related diseases. Protein-rich and micronutrient-rich food can be several times more expensive than staple food, in low-income countries (Headey and Masters, 2019). In such countries, with largely rural population, dietary diversity may be improved through diversity in farm production (Jones et al, 2014; Powell et al, 2015; Jones, 2017)
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