Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of five hydrosols made from orange peel, pomegranate peel, shaddock peel, mandarin peel, and thyme plant was tested by microdilution and disc diffusion methods against 3 foodborne bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Parathyphi A and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and 3 fish spoilage bacteria (Vibrio vulnificus, Pseudomonas luteola, and Photobacterium damselae). S. Parathyphi A was one of the most susceptible bacteria against all hydrosols tested mainly pomegranate, thyme and shaddock peel (with more than 10.5 mm inhibition zone). Inhibition zones on the growth of S. aureus were only observed from hydrosols of thyme and mandarin peel. Hydrosols made from orange and mandarin peel were effective on inhibition of the growth of fish spoilage bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of hydrosols were generally 50 and >50 mg/mL, respectively. These results show that thyme and pomegranate peel hydrosols had the strongest antimicrobial effects against test bacteria, although the effect of waste hydrosols vary depending on bacterial strains.
Highlights
Studies on alternative natural antimicrobials to protect food and human health are increasing, as the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics poses a global problem
The growth of S. aureus was inhibited by thyme and mandarin peel hydrosol, with inhibition zones of 7.5- and 6.63-mm
Pomegranate and thyme hydrosols were effective on inhibition of K. pneumoniae growth, whereas the bacteria showed resistance against vancomycin antibiotics
Summary
Studies on alternative natural antimicrobials to protect food and human health are increasing, as the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics poses a global problem. Studies generally focus on plant materials and their oils or extracts (Sabo and Knezevic 2019). Residual hydrosols after oil extraction or plant extraction are considered as waste material. Hydrosols (or hydrolates or aromatic waters) are known as the secondary compounds of steam distillation of plants, performed to obtain essential oils (D'Amato et al 2018). Yavuzer & Kuley Boğa 2020 - LimnoFish 6(1): 47-51 been used as decontamination agents (Öztürk et al 2016) or antioxidant and antibacterial agents (Shen et al 2017), it is thought that there will be nothing left after removing the pulp and oil from a plant. The use of hydrosols as antimicrobial or disinfectant is very important because they are cheap and even waste
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