Abstract
The energy transition is accompanied by developing a digital decentralized low-carbon energy infrastructure with renewable-based generating plants as its main elements. In 2020, 15 photovoltaic power plants (PVPs) with an installed capacity of 364 MW were commissioned in Russia, which is 21.08% of the total installed PVP capacity of Russia. The findings of an analysis of Russia’s current regulatory and technical documents (RTD) concerning the frequency and active power flow control are presented. They indicate that all PVPs must participate in the general primary frequency control (GPFC). This requirement is due to large frequency deviations of transient processes resulting from an emergency active power shortage, which can shut down frequency-maintaining generating plants by relay or process protection devices and industrial consumers with significant damage to them. The requirements suggest full-scale tests of PVP to confirm their readiness for participation in GPFC. The program and results of checking the algorithm of change in the PVP active power, depending on frequency, are demonstrated with an example of one PVP. The full-scale tests confirmed the compliance of the certified PVP with this requirement. The plans for involving PVPs in the power flow control under various topology and operation conditions are considered.
Highlights
The world is undergoing an energy transition, which involves the development of a digital decentralized low-carbon energy infrastructure
The increasing number and installed capacity of renewable energy sources (RES) facilities, including PVPs operating as part of power systems, change the structure and behavior of generating capacities
It is necessary to involve them in the power flow control, including general primary frequency control in power systems
Summary
The world is undergoing an energy transition, which involves the development of a digital decentralized low-carbon energy infrastructure. Given the stochastic nature of PVP electricity generation, it is necessary to continuously maintain a balance between generated and consumed electricity, which requires highly flexible gas turbine units or energy storage systems [19]; Energy storage systems were not used in distribution networks to compensate for the intermittent renewable generation and to cover active power shortage while actuating the secondary frequency and active power control reserve; The demand response mechanism, which makes it possible to reduce the magnitude of peak loads during the hours of morning and evening highs, is in the initial stage of its development in Russia It began to function in 2017 and until July 2019 was available only to large industrial enterprises. This work aims to substantiate the need to adapt PVP equipment to Russian conditions
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