Abstract

In the aftermath of slave emancipation, disputes over children and their labor hinged on determining the boundary between free and unfree labor. Juxtaposing Reconstruction-era battles over formerly enslaved children in the South—especially the actions of the Freedmen’s Bureau—with simultaneous battles occurring over child laborers in the North such as Italian padrone children, the second chapter reveals that free labor principles were the primary means of resolving such disputes in both the North and South. As the market expanded nationally, post-Civil War debates about children and their labor reinforced free labor ideology in both regions and helped to clarify the distinction between free and unfree labor.

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