Abstract
Abstract. Long-range, low-power, wide-area network modulation technique (LoRa) is already used in a variety of fields, such as agriculture and healthcare, to reliably transmit a small amount of data above ground. Research measuring the reliability and signal strength of LoRa devices underground, however, is rare. The purpose of this study is to test the signal strength from LoRa devices in a variety of shallow-depth, underground conditions. The experiments are divided into two parts. The first experiment tries to determine the relationship between signal strength and device depth underground. The second experiment tries to determine the relationship between signal strength and soil moisture content. The experimental results are compared with the Modified-Friis model and CRIM-Fresnel model. The results show a decreasing trend in signal strength with increasing depth. The signal strength of LoRa devices in clay is weaker than in sand. However, soil moisture experiments demonstrate that as the soil moisture in sand increases the signal strengthens. In clay, as the soil moisture increases the signal weakens.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
