Testing for hepatitis C virus infection in UK prisons: What actually happens?

Abstract

Prisons are a key demographic in the drive to eradicate hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a major public health threat. We have assessed the impact of the recently introduced national opt-out policy on the current status of HCV testing in 14 prisons in the East Midlands (UK). We analysed testing rates pre- and post-introduction of opt-out testing, together with face-to-face interviews with prison healthcare and management staff in each prison. In the year pre-opt-out, 1972 people in prison (PIP) were tested, compared to 3440 in the year following opt-out. From July 2016 to June 2017, 2706 people were tested, representing 13.5% of all prison entrants (median 16.6%, range 7.6%-40.7%). Factors correlating with testing rates were as follows: pre-admission location of the PIP (another prison or the community, OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.9-2.3, P<0.001); whether the PIP could access health care independently of prison officers (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5-1.8, P<0.001); the absence of out-reach services for HCV treatment (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2-1.5, P<0.001), whether >50% of PIP reported ease of access to a nurse (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.8-2.2, P<0.001), and whether prison health care was supplied by private or NHS providers (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2-1.5, P<0.001). Testing rates remained far below the minimum national opt-out target of 50%. Inadequacy of healthcare facilities and constraints imposed by adherence to prison regimens were cited by healthcare and management staff at all prisons. Without radical change, the prison estate may be intrinsically incapable of supporting NHSE to deliver the HCV elimination strategy.