Abstract
The current Canadian masonry design standard, CSA S304-14 (2014), appears to underestimate the capacity of loadbearing masonry walls for some loading combinations and wall sizes. This is compounded by the fact that most testing has been completed on walls with pinned base supports, a condition that is not representative of practice. To understand the structural response of concrete block walls under eccentric axial and combined axial and out-of-plane loads better, walls with height to thickness ratio of 12.6 were tested. The displacement profiles under pinned-fixed and pinned-pinned boundary conditions were obtained for both load combinations and were used with the constituent material properties to calibrate finite element models. Models were developed using micro-modelling approaches, modelling units, mortar and grout as merged parts, or individually with friction contact interfaces, having rebar embedded in the grouted cells. The contact modelling approach showed broad agreement with the test results. Both the test results and the modelling showed a clear reduction in out-of-plane displacements, and change in the displaced profile, when a pinned connection was not forced at the wall base.
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