Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a key regulator that modulates male reproductive function. Testicular TGF-β1 modulates the steroidogenesis of Leydig cells, the organization of peritubular myoid cells, testis development and spermatogenesis. Several studies have indicated that TGF-β1 is involved in the tight balance between proliferative and apoptotic responses in the Leydig cells. In the present review, we summarize the direct effects of this cytokine in Leydig cells under normal and pathological conditions. We analyze the effect of TGF-β1 inLeydig cells depending on the type of receptors involved in the signaling pathway of TGF-β1. Our group has been analyzing the canonical and non canonical intracellular signaling pathways of TGF-β1 that are involved in the expression of proliferative and apoptotic markers in Leydig cells. On the basis of our studies and from those of other authors we conclude that the balance between the expression of TGF-β1 receptors and co receptors is of relevance in Leydig cell physiology and pathophisiology.
Highlights
The normal function of the testis has long been recognized to be dependent on gonadotropins hormones
We summarize the direct effects of this cytokine in Leydig cells under normal and pathological conditions
This review will focus on two aspects: first, the localization of TGF-β1 system in the testis of different species and second, the action and signaling pathways of the TGF-β1 involved in a mechanism that controls Leydig cell proliferation
Summary
The normal function of the testis has long been recognized to be dependent on gonadotropins hormones. Numerous reports over the past years have clearly indicated that locally produced factors may play an important role in the regulation of Leydig cell functions. In this context, many factors produced locally in the testes that act in a paracrine and/or autocrine manner are able to have plei-. The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family members play important roles in Leydig cell differentiation, proliferation and secretory functions. This review will focus on two aspects: first, the localization of TGF-β1 system in the testis of different species and second, the action and signaling pathways of the TGF-β1 involved in a mechanism that controls Leydig cell proliferation
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