Abstract
Response inhibition (RI) and error monitoring (EM) are important processes of adaptive goal-directed behavior, and neural correlates of these processes are being increasingly used as transdiagnostic biomarkers of risk for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Potential utility of these purported biomarkers relies on the assumption that individual differences in brain activation are reproducible over time; however, available data on test-retest reliability (TRR) of task-fMRI are very mixed. This study examined TRR of RI and EM-related activations using a stop signal task in young adults (n = 56, including 27 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins) in order to identify brain regions with high TRR and familial influences (as indicated by MZ twin correlations) and to examine factors potentially affecting reliability. We identified brain regions with good TRR of activations related to RI (inferior/middle frontal, superior parietal, and precentral gyri) and EM (insula, medial superior frontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). No subcortical regions showed significant TRR. Regions with higher group-level activation showed higher TRR; increasing task duration improved TRR; within-session reliability was weakly related to the long-term TRR; motion negatively affected TRR, but this effect was abolished after the application of ICA-FIX, a data-driven noise removal method.
Highlights
Response inhibition (RI) and error monitoring (EM) are key component processes of adaptive selfregulation of behavior
The present study addressed the following questions: How reliable are functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)-measured individual differences in brain activation related to RI and EM? Are these brain activations influenced by familial factors? Do regions with stronger group-level task-related activation show higher test-retest reliability (TRR) and familiality? Does longer scanning duration increase TRR? Does within-session reliability relate to longer-term reliability? How does in-scanner motion affect the within-subject stability of estimated activation? Does independent component analysis (ICA)-FMRIB group’s ICA-based “Xnoiseifier” (FIX) artifact removal improve the TRR of brain activations?
We found good reliabilities in regions consistently implicated in response inhibition by the previous literature – the inferior frontal, middle frontal gyrus, superior parietal and precentral gyrus
Summary
Response inhibition (RI) and error monitoring (EM) are key component processes of adaptive selfregulation of behavior. Inhibitory control is crucial for suppressing impulsive reactions that are incompatible with larger or longer-term behavioral goals, including responses triggered by the cues of potential reward such as unhealthy foods, compulsive buying or substance-related cues in addicted individuals. Deficits in response inhibition and aberrant error processing have been implicated as potential transdiagnostic risk factors in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders and maladaptive behaviors characterized by poor self-control and impulsive responding, including attention deficit fMRI Test-Retest Reliability of SST hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance dependence, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (Gorenstein and Newman, 1980; Aron and Poldrack, 2005; Chamberlain and Sahakian, 2007; de Wit et al, 2012; Manoach and Agam, 2013; Anokhin and Golosheykin, 2015). While blunted error responses are associated with substance abuse, schizophrenia, Autism Spectrum Disorder, exaggerated error processing is present in anxiety, depression, and OCD (Olvet and Hajcak, 2008; Manoach and Agam, 2013; Anokhin and Golosheykin, 2015)
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