Test Particles in a Completely Ionized Plasma

Abstract

Starting from the Liouville equation, a chain of equations is obtained by integrating out the coordinates of all but one, two, etc., particles. One ``test'' particle is singled out initially. All other ``field'' particles are assumed to be initially in thermal equilibrium. In the absence of external fields, the chain of equations is solved by expanding in terms of the parameter g = 1/nLD3. For the time evolution of the distribution function of the test particle, an equation is obtained whose asymptotic form is of the usual Fokker-Planck type. It is characterized by a frictional-drag force that decelerates the particle, and a fluctuation tensor that produces acceleration and diffusion in velocity space. The expressions for these quantities contain contributions from Coulomb collisions and the emission and absorption of plasma waves. By consideration of a Maxwell distribution of test particles, the total plasma-wave emission is determined. It is related to Landau's damping by Kirchoff's law. When there is a constant external magnetic field, the problem is characterized by the parameter g, and also the parameter λ = ωc/ωp. The calculation is made by expanding in terms of g, but all orders of λ are retained. To the lowest order in g, the frictional drag and fluctuation tensor are slowly varying functions of λ. When λ ≪ 1, the modification of the collisional-drag force due to the magnetic field, is negligible. There is a significant change in the properties of plasma waves of wavelength greater than the Larmor radius which modifies the force due to plasma-wave emission. When λ ≫ 1, the force due to plasma-wave emission disappears. The collisional force is altered to the extent that the maximum impact parameter is sometimes the Larmor radius instead of the Debye length, or something in between. In the case of a slow ion moving perpendicular to the field, the collisional force is of a qualitatively different form. In addition to the drag force antiparallel to the velocity of the particle, there is a collisional force antiparallel to the Lorentz force. The force arises because the particle and its shield cloud are spiralling about field lines. The force on the particle is equal and opposite to the centripetal force acting on the ``shield cloud.'' It is much smaller than the Lorentz force.