Abstract
As widely used natural granular materials, sand and clay have been extensively studied. However, its physical and mechanical behavior, such as the shear behavior and deformation under loading, are still not clear. This is due to the limitation of the testing facility, in which most of the testing apparatus can only add one directional shear stress. The in situ stress condition of soils is usually more complex and has multi-directional shear stress during consolidation and shearing. A bi-directional simple shear apparatus can better replicate the in situ stress condition and has been used by a few researchers. This review summarized the testing facilities and recent advances in bi-directional simple shear testing.
Highlights
Soil that mainly includes sand and clay is a widely available natural granular material, and it has been extensively used and studied as a construction material in engineering [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
A limited number of Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI)-type bi-directional simple shear apparatuses have been developed in order to investigate the effect of static driving shear stresses on undrained shear behaviour [30,37,45,46,47,48,49]
To study the foundation soil of an offshore Arctic gravity structure subjected to complex loading conditions, DeGroot et al [56] conducted a group of bi-directional simple shear tests that considered the effect of the consolidation shear stress
Summary
Soil that mainly includes sand and clay is a widely available natural granular material, and it has been extensively used and studied as a construction material in engineering [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Hollow cylinder apparatuses are widely used for the controlled stress path testing of reconstituted soils in both drained and undrained conditions, with monotonic and cyclic loadings. The resultant stresses are non-uniform, and are greater at the top and less at the bottom Another problem related to the sample height is the pore water pressure redistribution, at a low strain rate. A large diameter-to-height ratio (D/H) and small height, where D/H is usually greater than four in tests, effectively reduces the non-uniformity of the stress, effectively within the active portion of the sample [28,36]. Method is widely used on dry samples, which allows for the vertical stress to drop This method provides a quick and accurate measuring of the shear responses in simple shear apparatuses. The sample preparation for this type of devices is more difficult than those using NGI-type apparatuses, and the type of constraint and the sample shape have limited the use of multi-directional shear loadings
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