Tessellation in Architecture from Past to Present

Abstract

Tessellation, which has examples of use in art and architecture, is the covering of a surface using one or more geometric shapes without overlapping or gaps. Based on Roman mosaics, the tessellation has an important place in architecture since the ancient times. Through the history, different patterns have been used by many cultures for various applications ranging from decorative covering elements to multi-functional latticework screens. The tessellation has still been used in contemporary architecture since it not only allows creating the geometrical surface in an order but also provides multi-functionality to the surface when applied as shading elements. The tessellation can be reviewed under three categories such as regular, semi-regular and demi-regular tessellations. Two- and three-dimensional examples of the tessellations can be seen in contemporary architecture either as façade elements or patterns used for structural elements. Because the tessellation plays a significant role in architecture in terms of geometrical or structural design, the interest on this topic has been increased in recent years. Due to their great potentials, more studies should be conducted on the tessellations. For this reason, within the scope of this paper, the applied examples of the tessellations in buildings from past to present are examined which include both static and kinetic ones. In this paper, the geometric design principles, combination methods and iteration processes of the examples are also presented. As well as providing a deeper understanding of such tessellation methods, this study will serve as a basis of reference for future studies in this field.