Abstract
The reaction between hypochlorous acid and chlorite ions is the rate limiting step for in situ chlorine dioxide regeneration. The possibility of increasing the speed of this reaction was analyzed by the addition of tertiary amine catalysts in the system at pH 5. Two amines were tested, DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) and its derivative CEM-DABCO (1-carboethoxymethyl-1-azonia-4-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane chloride). The stability of the catalysts in the presence of both reagents and chlorine dioxide was measured, with CEM-DABCO showing to be highly stable with the mentioned chlorine species, whereas DABCO was rapidly degraded by chlorine dioxide. Hence, CEM-DABCO was chosen as a suitable candidate to catalyze the reaction of hypochlorous acid with chlorite ions and it significantly increased the speed of this reaction even at low catalyst dosages. This research opens the door to a faster regeneration of chlorine dioxide and an improved efficiency in chlorine dioxide treatments.
Highlights
Tertiary amines are versatile compounds that can catalyze a wide range of organic (Ammer et al 2010) and oxidation reactions (Prütz 1998; Huang and Shah 2018)
Tertiary amines can be used as catalysts in polyurethane production (Sardon et al 2015), in the Baylis–Hillman reaction, enhancing the generation of new C–C bonds (Basavaiah et al 2010) and in water treatment
The first value corresponds to the pKa of CEM-DABCO, while the second inflection was likely caused by the alkali-catalyzed hydrolysis of the methyl ester and neutralization of the formed CM-DABCO (Dawson 2018)
Summary
Tertiary amines are versatile compounds that can catalyze a wide range of organic (Ammer et al 2010) and oxidation reactions (Prütz 1998; Huang and Shah 2018). It is known that the addition of a tertiary amine such as DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) to hypochlorous acid ( HOCl ) produces a highly reactive chlorommonium cation (Rosenblatt et al.1972). This chloroammonium cation can oxidize saturated structures faster than
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