Abstract
Carignan is one of those minor cultivars that have had a major resurgence in the Chilean wine industry, and its production is sold at a price well above the national average. This variety, together with other autochthonous grapevine varieties, makes up a unique heritage in Chilean winemaking, which has given a new identity to the country on the world wine scene. Chilean viticulture is based on the production of the most recognized grapevine varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc. However, this has caused a massive loss of minority and autochthonous grapevine varieties in certain wine growing regions. Thus, this review summarizes the effects of terroir of the Maule Valley on the typicity of Carignan. Carignan grapevines growing in the sites closer to the Pacific Ocean, such as Truquilemu and Ciénaga de Name, present a high concentration of several amino acids and volatile compounds in grapes and wines, while Carignan grapevines growing in the sites further east, towards the Andes Mountains, provide grapes and wines with a high alcohol and phenolic concentration. Therefore, Maule Valley provides unique edaphoclimatic conditions that allow differences in the composition and style of the Carignan wines.
Highlights
Carignan wines are mainly associated with the collective brand “VIGNO”, which has attracted the attention of wine critics and specialists, who visit the area year after year and enjoy its economic, social and environmental characteristics
This review summarizes the effects of terroir on the typicity of the Carignan grapevine variety
Proline was excreted by yeast to a concentration that varied from 17.86 to 816.66 mg/L for the wines from Loncomilla and Melozal sites, respectively. These authors showed that grape amino acid composition conditioned alcoholic fermentation, which was faster for musts coming from the colder sites such as Truquilemu and Ciénaga de Name compared to the rest of the sites
Summary
These rocks have evolved into soils in situ that were generated from mechanical weathering processes owing to the ambient humidity and rapid temperature shifts These successive expansion and compression forces broke down the original basement rock, giving rise to maicillo type soils, which correspond to an aggregation of individual minerals such as quartz, feldspars and micas. The second geomorphological unit corresponds to Sedimentary Rocks or stratified rocks of volcanic-sedimentary origin known as the Pocillas-Coronel de Maule-Quirihue strata, which were deposited on top of the Coastal Batholith around 250 million years ago during the Triassic period These rocks form part of the discontinuous outcroppings found throughout the region, primarily to the south of the area under study. Some examples of soils derived from these kinds of sediment can be found in the Carignan vineyards located in Huerta de Maule, Truquilemu, Melozal, Ciénaga de Name, Cauquenes and Pocillas
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