Abstract
THE usual interpretation of passerine song is that it simultaneously attracts potential mates and repulses neighbouring territory holders1. The male black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens, family Parulidae), however, sings two similar but distinct songs2: song A (Fig. 1a) chiefly in the presence of conspecific males and song B (Fig. 1b) chiefly in the presence of conspecific females. There seem thus to be separate songs for territorial defence (song A) and courtship and pair-bond maintenance (song B).
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