Terrible triad injury of the elbow: a historical perspective.

Abstract

The aims of this study are to summarize (1) the history of terrible triad injury (TTi) treatment and (2) the clinical and biomechanical data that engendered its evolution. A literature search was performed using fiveelectronic databases. Results were discussed as a chronologic review of the relevant literature between 1920 and 2022. In 1962, Osborne was the first to describe a link between elbow dislocation, radial head fracture, and lateral collateral ligament complex injury via a novel mechanism: posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI). Given that untreated elbow instability leads to post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), there has been increasing interest in elbow biomechanics since the 1980s. Data from studies in that period revolutionized the approach to elbow instability. The authors demonstrated that TTi could occur via a PLRI mechanism with a disruption of the lateral collateral ulnar ligament and a functionally competent anterior medial collateral ligament (aMCL). Since the 1990s, due to the difficulty in identifying its pathoanatomic features, some began to speculate about a sequence of injuries and mechanisms leading to TTi. However, the clinical literature has largely been unable to reproduce in vitro findings describing the pathomechanics of TTi. Some aspects of treatment remain controversial including systematic coronoid and aMCL repair. Despite a growing body of biomechanics data, there is no widely accepted surgical protocol for the treatment of TTi. Functional outcomes among patients have greatly improved. Better diagnosis and treatment of infra-clinical instability after a TTi may be an important stepping stone to prevent the onset of moderate/severe PTOA.