Abstract
Visualization techniques have been greatly developed in the past few years. Three-dimensional models based on satellite and aerial imagery are now being enhanced by models generated using Aerial Laser Scanning (ALS) data. The most modern of such scanning systems have the ability to acquire over 50 points per square meter and to register a multiple echo, which allows the reconstruction of the terrain together with the terrain cover. However, ALS data accuracy is less than 10 cm and the data is often incomplete: there is no information about ground level (in most scanning systems), and often around the facade or structures which have been covered by other structures. However, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) not only acquires higher accuracy data (1–5 cm) but is also capable of registering those elements which are incomplete or not visible using ALS methods (facades, complicated structures, interiors, etc.). Therefore, to generate a complete 3D model of a building in high Level of Details, integration of TLS and ALS data is necessary. This paper presents the wavelet-based method of processing and integrating data from ALS and TLS. Methods of choosing tie points to combine point clouds in different datum will be analyzed.
Highlights
In 2007 the number of people living in urban areas became equal to the number of those living in the countryside
Many approaches of multi-sensor data integration include the combination of point clouds, imagery and 2D maps or vector data for building extraction and reconstruction or 3D city modeling
This paper proposes a new method of using wavelet analysis in the reconstruction and identification of tie points, which did not existed in an original airborne LiDAR
Summary
In 2007 the number of people living in urban areas became equal to the number of those living in the countryside. In order to avoid sociological and environmental problems, local and national governments have to be prepared to appropriate “geo-reaction”, which means the assurance of appropriate tools and procedures of planning, development and the administration of urban areas using proper geoinformation systems. As described in [2], the first and most popular standard, called CityGML, was developed in Germany and categorized in Levels of Details (LoDs) [3]. This standard defines LoDs for buildings models from LoDs 1 to 4. LoD 1 contains coarse building structures, LoD 2 is coarse building blocks with roof models, LoD 3 is filled with detailed building models of building facade, walls, windows, doors, etc., and LoD 4 represents highly detailed architecture building models of LoD 3 but with indoor elements (stairs, installations, detailed elements, figures, sculptures, etc.) [2]
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