Ternary nanofluid with heat source/sink and porous medium effects in stretchable convergent/divergent channel

Abstract

Flow and heat distribution over a convergent or divergent channel plays a major role in aeronautical, pharmaceutical, dynamic, civil, climatic, and biomechanical engineering, as well as heat transfer through a porous medium, has piqued the interest of researchers due to its numerous aerospace and automotive manufacturing, including waste disposal, raw petroleum products, grain collection, porous coating, petroleum lagoons, groundwater pollution, packed-bed power plants etc. Further, addition of nanoparticles to base liquid will improve the thermal distribution. Based on the above affordable application the present study will focus on heat transfer enhancement in ternary nanofluids flows induced by stretched convergent or divergent channels. The mobility of ternary nanoparticles occurs in the porous zone. The uniform energy absorption and generation influence is included in the energy expression. Through the use of comparable variables, the flow expressions are transformed into a system of non-linear ODEs (ordinary differential equations). To tackle the problem, the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth and fifth order (RKF-45) scheme with shooting procedure is adopted. The nature of imposing limitations on physically significant quantities is explored and carried out. The augmentation in solid volume-fraction of both stretched/shrinked channels resulted a reduction in temperature. Furthermore, it is found that the increasing heat sink or source factor and Eckert number augmented the rate of energy transport in the diverging channel, but reverse nature is found in the converging channel. It is also noticed that the ternary nanofluid has a greater impact than the hybrid and mano-nanofluid.