Abstract
Simple SummaryIn the current report, we describe a new earwig species, Spirolabia kaja Kočárek, sp. nov. found in an association with the wood-boring termite in a dipterocarp rain forest in Borneo. To evaluate the level of association with termites we documented termite–earwig interactions in the laboratory. We found that earwigs and termites mutually communicate by antennation, and we observed no form of aggressive behavior. The earwigs responded to the proximity of an experimentally irritated termite soldier by the feigning of death (thanatosis), which seems to be a defensive reaction. The occurrence of earwig adults together with the nymphs in the galleries termite strongly suggests that the earwig reproduces inside the termite colony. Spirolabia kaja Kočárek, sp. nov. is the first earwig species for which termitophily has been demonstrated.Based on behavioral observations, we report termitophily by the earwig Spirolabia kaja Kočárek, sp. nov. (Spongiphoridae: Labiinae). The new species was found in association with the wood-boring termite Schedorhinotermes sarawakensis (Holmgren, 1913) in a dipterocarp rain forest in Borneo; in addition to being observed in the galleries, termite–earwig interactions were subsequently documented in the laboratory. We found that earwigs and termites communicate by antennation, and we observed no form of targeted mutual or unilateral aggressive behavior. The earwigs responded to the proximity of an experimentally irritated termite soldier by conflict-avoidance behavior based on thanatosis, which seems to be a defensive reaction that may reduce the chance of being attacked by an irritated termite. Based on the analysis of gastrointestinal tract contents, we conclude that S. kaja sp. nov. is an omnivorous species that feeds mainly on plant tissues and fungi but occasionally on arthropod remains. The occurrence of S. kaja sp. nov. adults together with the nymphs (2nd to 4th instars) in the galleries of S. sarawakensis strongly suggests that the earwig can reproduce inside the termite colony. Spirolabia kaja Kočárek, sp. nov. is the first earwig species for which termitophily has been demonstrated.
Highlights
Social insect nests, including termite mounds, provide a rich microhabitat, often containing abundant and long-lasting resources such as brood, retrieved or cultivated food, and nutrient-rich refuse [1,2]
Spirolabia kaja sp. nov. (Spongiphoridae: Labiinae), which was found in the galleries of the wood-boring termite Schedorhinotermes sarawakensis (Rhinotermitidae) in Ulu Temofburong the wood-boring termite
S. kaja sp. nov. differs from other species of Spirolabia in characteristic male genitalia with spirally coiled virga with 1.5 revolutions, very short parameres and medially excised apex of genital lobe
Summary
Social insect nests, including termite mounds, provide a rich microhabitat, often containing abundant and long-lasting resources such as brood, retrieved or cultivated food, and nutrient-rich refuse [1,2]. Termite nests are attractive habitats for many associated species that benefit from the stable environment, protection against enemies, and the availability of food regularly supplied by the termites [3]. Such associated species are referred to as termitophiles, which include persecuted guests and tolerated guests, as well as highly specialized termitophiles that have evolved chemical, morphological, and behavioral adaptations that deceive the host and thereby reduce the probability of attack by the host [2,3,4,5,6]. These preadapted groups include small scavenging or predatory arthropods with chemical, physical or behavioral defenses [2]
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