Abstract
Efficient and instant detection of biological threat-agent anthrax is highly desired in the fields of medical care and anti-terrorism. Herein, a new ratiometric fluorescence (FL) nanoprobe was elaborately tailored for the determination of 2,6-dipicolinic acid (DPA), a biomarker of anthrax spores, by grafting terbium ions (Tb3+) to the surface of carbon dots (CDs). CDs with blue FL were fabricated by a simple and green method using schizochytrium as precursor and served as an FL reference and a supporting substrate for coordination with Tb3+. On account of the absorbance energy transfer emission effect (AETE), green emission peaks of Tb3+ in CDs-Tb nanoprobe appeared at 545 nm upon the addition of DPA. Under optimal conditions, good linearity between the ratio FL intensity of F545/F445 and the concentrations of DPA was observed within the experimental concentration range of 0.5–6 μM with the detection limit of 35.9 nM, which is superior to several literature studies and significantly lower than the infectious dosage of the Bacillus anthracis spores. Moreover, the CDs-Tb nanoprobe could sensitively detect DPA in the lake water sample. This work offers an efficient self-calibrating and background-free method for the determination of DPA.
Highlights
Anthrax is a well-known disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, which can affect almost all warm-blooded animals, including human beings, resulting in deadly infections after inhalation of over 104 spores in 36 h [1]
Developing an efficient and accurate method for dipicolinic acid (DPA) detection is very important in the fields of medical care and anti-terrorism
Various Ln3+-incorporated fluorescent ratiometric platforms for DPA detection have been exploited, such as silicon quantum dots [4], solid films [1], FML iscpeellcetr[a9l],paenadkmasetaanl-oinrgtearnniaclfrreafmereewnocerkw[1o0u]l.d be an ideal choice to improve the accuracy of the detectAiosn.aHnietwhefratom, ivlyarmioeums Lbenr3+o-finccaorrbpoonrantaendoflmuaotreersiaclesn, tcraartbioomn edtortics p(ClaDtfso)rmhasvfeorreDcePnAtldyeitnescptiiorend hsauvbesbtaenetniaelxaptltoeintetido,nsubcehcaaussseiliocfonprqoumanintuenmt dporotsp[e4r]t,iessolsiducfihlmass [f1a]c,iMleicperlelepa[9ra],tiaonnd, mloewtalc-oosrtg, ahniigch frpahmoetowsotarbki[li1t0y],. and nontoxicity [11,12]
Summary
Anthrax is a well-known disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, which can affect almost all warm-blooded animals, including human beings, resulting in deadly infections after inhalation of over 104 spores in 36 h [1]. Compared with traditional detection methods for DPA, fluorescence-based sensing methods have attracted plenty of interest owing to their real-time, economic, highly selective, and sensitive features [4,5]. Most reported measurements rely on single fluorescent signal changes of Ln3+, which may be influenced by environmental or instrumental factors [3,6,7]. Ratiometric FL probes that contain another influenced by environmental or instrumental factors [3,6,7] To conquer this limitation, ratiometric NFanLompartoerbiaelss2t0h1a9,t9c, o12n3t4ain another FL spectral peak as an internal reference would be an ideal cho2iocfe10to improve the accuracy of the detection.
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