Abstract
The publication of a study in 2010, showing that a glyphosate herbicide formulation and glyphosate alone caused malformations in the embryos of Xenopus laevis and chickens through disruption of the retinoic acid signalling pathway, caused scientific and regulatory controversy. Debate centred on the effects of the production and consumption of genetically modified Roundup Ready ® soy, which is engineered to tolerate applications of glyphosate herbicide. The study, along with others indicating teratogenic and reproductive effects from glyphosate herbicide exposure, was rebutted by the German Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, BVL, as well as in industry-sponsored papers. These rebuttals relied partly on unpublished industry-sponsored studies commissioned for regulatory purposes, which, it was claimed, showed that glyphosate is not a teratogen or reproductive toxin. However, examination of the German authorities' draft assessment report on the industry studies, which underlies glyphosate's EU authorisation, revealed further evidence of glyphosate's teratogenicity. Many of the malformations found were of the type defined in the scientific literature as associated with retinoic acid teratogenesis. Nevertheless, the German and EU authorities minimized these findings in their assessment and set a potentially unsafe acceptable daily intake (ADI) level for glyphosate. This paper reviews the evidence on the teratogenicity and reproductive toxicity of glyphosate herbicides and concludes that a new and transparent risk assessment needs to be conducted. The new risk assessment must take into account all the data on the toxicity of glyphosate and its commercial formulations, including data generated by independent scientists and published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, as well as the industry-sponsored studies.
Highlights
Chemotherapeutic agents lead to the damage of healthy cells because they react with cells which are dividing at a high rate by inhibiting the DNA synthesis and interfering with the process of cell division [1]
“Therapeutic drug delivery allows for an increase in the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic agent while minimizing the interaction with non-tumour sites in the body by controlling the release rate of the therapeutic agent and having targeted sites on the nanoparticle which will allow the nanoparticle to release its contents at targeted sites [1]
The average zeta potential was -45 mV while the zeta potential of the uncoated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles without the bovine stabilizing agent was 40.3 mV which means that the bovine serum allowed for the nanoparticles to be stable as colloidal suspensions since columbic repulsion forces arise from surface charge and can overcome the Vander wall attractive forces that would allow for coalescing of nanoparticles
Summary
Chemotherapeutic agents lead to the damage of healthy cells because they react with cells which are dividing at a high rate by inhibiting the DNA synthesis and interfering with the process of cell division [1]. The single emulsion technique has a low cumulative drug release (only 1.5% of the drug entrapped in the nanocarrier was release), which will reduce the amount of dose administrations by a patient since the drug will be in the body for a longer duration of time in comparison to the other techniques. Another way to decrease the toxic effect of the drug loaded nanoparticle on the cells is by having specific ligands attached to the nanoparticle that targets a cancer cells or have magnetic particles that one can move to the area where the tumour is located by using a magnet
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