Abstract
3D nano-architectures presents a new paradigm in modern condensed matter physics with numerous applications in photonics, biomedicine, and spintronics. They are promising for the realization of 3D magnetic nano-networks for ultra-fast and low-energy data storage. Frustration in these systems can lead to magnetic charges or magnetic monopoles, which can function as mobile, binary information carriers. However, Dirac strings in 2D artificial spin ices bind magnetic charges, while 3D dipolar counterparts require cryogenic temperatures for their stability. Here, we present a micromagnetic study of a highly frustrated 3D artificial spin ice harboring tension-free Dirac strings with unbound magnetic charges at room temperature. We use micromagnetic simulations to demonstrate that the mobility threshold for magnetic charges is by 2 eV lower than their unbinding energy. By applying global magnetic fields, we steer magnetic charges in a given direction omitting unintended switchings. The introduced system paves the way toward 3D magnetic networks for data transport and storage.
Highlights
Data storage and transport devices ranging from hard disk drives to flash memories, from CMOS to spintronic technologies are of crucial importance in today’s technological world
Inspired by the recent developments in 3D optical lithography and focused particle 3D nano-printing by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID), we present a 3DASI lattice, where magnetic rotational ellipsoids are arranged along the main axis of a tetrahedron, resulting in an angle θ = arccos(−1/3) ≈ 109.5° between the elements, reproducing the Ice Ih crystal of the water ice[3,5,9]
We investigated micromagnetically a 3DASI lattice, which combines the advantages of classical 2D artificial spin ices (2DASIs) and pyrochlore dipolar spin ices (DSI) lattices, recovering the lost frustration and degeneracy of the ground state of the 2DsASI by enabling tension-free Dirac String (DS) and thermally stable unbound magnetic monopoles
Summary
Data storage and transport devices ranging from hard disk drives to flash memories, from CMOS to spintronic technologies are of crucial importance in today’s technological world. After early designs[39] and realizations[45] had envisioned a 3D artificial spin ice, the three-dimensional frustrated nanowire-lattice[46] was manufactured by two-photon lithography[47], in which charge propagation was later demonstrated[48] In this lattice, the degeneracy of the ground state is still lifted, as the 3D structure consists of an interconnected nanowire lattice. Considering the emergent magnetic monopoles as binary, mobile information carriers, the presented lattice demonstrates the steered motion of charge carriers in a 3D magnetic nano-network at room temperatures The controllability of these charges paves the way toward a 3D magnetic network for data transport and storage
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