Abstract
Soda-lime-silica glass is a widely used material in society today and its strength over various loading times is of major engineering concern. This paper reviews studies from the published literature, which report on the time-dependent tensile behaviour of soda-lime-silica glass. Furthermore, current normative definitions are reviewed and compared to the literature concerned with time-dependent glass strength.In general, there exists two common applied test methods to characterise glass: (1) the static fatigue test, a constant applied stress over time, and (2) the dynamic fatigue test, a constant applied stress rate. After a thorough search of the available scientific and engineering publications, 92 articles were found to have studied glass using these two test methods. In the tests the typical setups employed to apply load on a glass specimen were the three-point and four-point-bending, and axisymmetric bending configurations. From these tests the load duration and loading rate effects on the strength of glass were investigated. For comparison purposes, all data found were normalised with respect to a reference strength, which for static fatigue is a ‘60-second’ strength, and for dynamic fatigue is a strength corresponding to a stress rate of 2.0 MPa s−1. This means that the time-dependent effect on strength are highlighted and the governing crack properties and size effects are not included.The review supports the general observations that the tensile strength of soda-lime-silica glass is strongly affected by the load duration. The static fatigue tests generally show that strength decreases with increasing load duration. Furthermore, the dynamic fatigue tests show that glass strength increases with loading rate, equivalent to a decreasing load duration. However, a significant lack of data is present at the very short and long loading times, making it difficult to draw a final conclusion at the extreme ends of the load duration and loading rate tests. Additionally, the experiments demonstrate that glass tested in air is less susceptible to static and dynamic fatigue as compared to water immersion, or in air at high relative humidity. However, for the Young's modulus, there are a limited number of studies in the literature and these studies do not highlight a conclusive outcome regarding the sensitivity on loading rates. The fatigue data also support well the load duration dependence given in the various Standards for the design of glass structures, with a few exceptions.
Highlights
Soda-lime-silica glass is used in a wide range of applications, such as windshields, load-bearing glass beams, residential windows, large glass plates covering whole building facades, and many more
Two different test methods can be identified, which are used to study the mechanical properties of glass: 1. Static fatigue test (σ = const.) – used to investigate failure that would occur over time when a constant stress is applied, see Fig. 3a
In this work an extensive literature review, based on 92 publications dating back to 1899, has been presented. The data from these publica tions were reviewed in detail to compile a summary of current state-ofthe-art understanding of the time-dependent tensile behaviour of sodalime-silica glass, a material used routinely in civilian infrastructure
Summary
Soda-lime-silica glass is used in a wide range of applications, such as windshields, load-bearing glass beams, residential windows, large glass plates covering whole building facades, and many more. It is important that a detailed level of knowledge about the material dependent constitutive relation and the failure criteria has been developed over a wide range of strain rates (see Fig. 1) This is essential for the design of glass structures that will have a well-defined service lifetime. Even though glass is generally acknowledged to exhibit a higher dynamic strength, the available data, is quite limited for higher loading rates relevant to impact and blast loading events [49,53,55,62,63]. To provide a broad overview of the time-dependent tensile behav iour of soda-lime-silica glass, it is the aim of this paper to review all available literature (to the best of the authors’ knowledge) concerning experimental investigations on the mechanical material properties, such as strength and stiffness, over a wide range of load duration and rate of loading. A direct comparison is made between the collected strength data and various available Stan dards defining the load duration dependence on glass strength
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