Tendon transfers to restore elbow flexion

Abstract

Elbow flexion paralysis is one of most significant deficiencies in the upper limb. When secondary to brachial plexus palsy or nerve trunk lesions, restoration of elbow flexion by means of early nerve surgery or palliative transfers should be part of a comprehensive treatment plan. Tendon transfers are indicated in long-standing palsies, in those who are poor candidates for nerve surgery or when the results of nerve surgery are inadequate. A regional pedicled muscle transfer is performed if available. In this case, a “strong” donor is preferred (pectoralis major with pectoralis minor transfer, triceps brachii to biceps brachii transfer, or bipolar latissimus dorsi transfer). A “weak” transfer is indicated in patients who have incomplete recovery of elbow flexion (MRC 2 strength): isolated pectoralis minor transfer, medial epicondylar muscle transfer according to Steindler technique, or advancement of biceps brachii tendon on forearm. When no donor muscle is available, a free reinnervated muscle transfer may be indicated if age and nerve regeneration conditions are favorable.