Abstract
Polyphenols are gaining increasing interest due to their beneficial properties to human health. Grape pomace, the by-product of wine production, is a source of these bioactive compounds. An extract from Tempranillo grape pomace was obtained and characterized qualitatively and quantitatively. The major components found were anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, and flavonols. To improve the bioavailability of these compounds, the extract was formulated in phospholipid vesicles, namely transfersomes. Spherical unilamellar vesicles around 100 nm each were obtained. The antioxidant activity of both the extract and the transfersomes was evaluated by using colorimetric assays (i.e., DPPH, FRAP, and Folin–Ciocalteu). The cells’ viability and the antioxidant activity were assessed in keratinocytes. The results showed that the extract and the transfersomes had no cytotoxic effects and exerted remarkable antioxidant activity, which was more evident in a vesicle formulation. These findings highlighted the potential of the Tempranillo grape pomace extract and the efficacy of the incorporation into phospholipid vesicles.
Highlights
Accepted: 17 February 2022The normal functioning of the body involves several biological reactions in cells and tissues that often generate species with unpaired electrons called free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS)
The skin is continuously exposed to chemical, mechanical, and physical stress, which leads to an excess of ROS and other free radicals [3]
Considering previous research [28], anthocyanins are the major components in red grape pomace, while the other components have been reported in smaller amounts
Summary
The normal functioning of the body involves several biological reactions in cells and tissues that often generate species with unpaired electrons called free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). These compounds are usually balanced by endogenous mechanisms, but an excessive accumulation can lead to oxidative stress in cells [1,2]. The skin is continuously exposed to chemical, mechanical, and physical stress, which leads to an excess of ROS and other free radicals [3] The accumulation of these species has been linked to the development of chronic inflammatory conditions and tumor initiation and promotion. Occurring antioxidants include polyphenols, which are present in fruits and plants and have been demonstrated to have antioxidant, antiradical, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties that help protect and prevent chronic diseases and cancer [4]
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