Temporary flooding increases iron phytoavailability in calcareous Vertisols and Inceptisols

Abstract

Temporary soil flooding before cultivation alleviates iron chlorosis in crops grown on some calcareous Mexican Vertisols. In order to investigate the effectiveness of such practice we carried out experiments with ten calcareous Vertisols from Mexico and eight calcareous Inceptisols from Spain. In an incubation experiment, we studied the release of Fe2+ into the solution of soil suspensions in sealed vials with 5 m M CaCl2. In a pot experiment, we measured the leaf SPAD value (i.e. an estimate of leaf chlorophyll concentration) of lupin and strawberry sequentially grown on a soil-sand mixture previously flooded for 30 days (SPADf value) and on a non-flooded (control) mixture (SPADc value). The amount of Fe2+ released by the soil at day 58 and the increase in oxalate-extractable Fe (Feo) upon incubation in vials were larger on average for the Inceptisols than for the Vertisols. The SPADc values for lupin and strawberry were (i) larger for the Vertisols than for the Inceptisols (probably because the Vertisols contain little carbonate and induce less Fe chlorosis than the Inceptisols) and (ii) correlated with Feo, and with citrate/ascorbate- and DTPA-extractable Fe (Feca, FeDTPA). The SPADf-SPADc differencewas (i) much larger for the Inceptisols than for the Vertisols and (ii) correlated with the increases in Feo and Feca caused by flooding and with the amount of Fe2+ released in the incubation experiment. We hypothesize that the weak response of the Vertisols to flooding was partly a result of their history including flooding episodes in the field, so a steady state had been reached in which the pool of Fe compounds undergoing reductive dissolution and reprecipitating upon oxidation as poorly crystalline Fe oxides (the main source of phytoavailable Fe) remained relatively constant and thus changed little after pot flooding. The Inceptisols, which had never been flooded in the field, were capable of releasing Fe from sources other than poorly crystalline Fe oxides upon flooding, thus making this treatment effective against Fe chlorosis. Our results point to the need to further study those soil chemical and mineralogical properties that are related to increases in Fe phytoavailability upon temporary soil flooding.