Abstract
Our understanding of the time variability of intense cyclones in the Mediterranean region is still lacking despite its importance for the long-term forecast of climate anomalies. This study examines the month-to-month variability and predictability of cyclones, the intensity of which exceeded the 75th percentile (intense cyclones) and the 95th percentile (extreme cyclones), over the Western and Eastern Mediterranean. The locations of cyclones were obtained by applying the method of M. Yu. Bardin on the 6-hourly 1000 hPa geopotential height data from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis for the period 1951–2017 (67 years). It was shown that annual frequencies of cyclones were higher in the Western Mediterranean due to the contribution of spring and autumn; monthly averages were higher in the Eastern Mediterranean in December/January–March for intense/extreme cyclones. In the context of global warming, no linear trends significant at the 90% confidence level were found in the variability of intense and extreme cyclones, except for a positive trend in autumn extreme cyclones over the Eastern Mediterranean. The time series of cyclones in both parts of the Mediterranean were characterized by a pronounced interannual variability with a noticeable decadal modulation. According to spectral analysis, these interannual periods were multiples of 2–3 years corresponding to the main global teleconnection patterns. Seasonally, the most energy was concentrated in winter spectra; spring and autumn spectra had lower comparable magnitudes. The correlation analysis between the frequency of cyclones and the indices of the main atmospheric patterns showed that the main synchronous patterns for intense and extreme Mediterranean cyclones in September–April were the Mediterranean Oscillation (with the opposite signs for the Western and Eastern Mediterranean), Scandinavia pattern (positive correlation), and East Atlantic Oscillation (negative correlation). Additional important synchronous teleconnection patterns for some months were the Arctic Oscillation and East Atlantic/West Russia pattern for the Western Mediterranean, and the Polar/Eurasia pattern and Tropical Northern Hemisphere pattern for the Eastern Mediterranean. The outcome of this paper was the use of an artificial neural network model with inputs of global teleconnection indices both in the atmosphere and ocean to describe the temporal variability of the frequency of intense cyclones in the Western and Eastern Mediterranean. The predictability of intense cyclones was shown with the possibility of forecasts with a lead time of 0, 2, 4, and 6 months for the Western Mediterranean in October, January, February, April, and May, and for the Eastern Mediterranean in January, February, March, April, and May. One of the applications of this model may be in forecasting the evolution of the monthly frequency of cyclones with a lead time of 2 to 6 months.
Highlights
The Mediterranean region is an important center of high cyclonic activity over the Northern Hemisphere, after the North Atlantic and North Pacific centers [1]
Researchers usually study intense cyclones in the Mediterranean in terms of physical and thermodynamic processes, e.g., in [17], but not in terms of their temporal variability, which is better shown for the total frequency of cyclones, e.g., in [18]
Researchers usually study intense cyclones in the Mediterranean region in terms of physical and thermodynamic processes, e.g., [17], but not in terms of their temporal variability, which is better shown for the total frequency of cyclones, e.g., [18]
Summary
The Mediterranean region is an important center of high cyclonic activity over the Northern Hemisphere, after the North Atlantic and North Pacific centers [1]. According to [3], cyclones over the Mediterranean region are essentially subsynoptic lows in winter (triggered by the North Atlantic synoptic systems being affected by local orography and/or low-level baroclinicity over the northern Mediterranean coast) and thermally induced lows in summer, despite the existence of other factors, such as the Atlas Mountains contributing to lee cyclogenesis in Northern Africa, or the extension of the Asian monsoon into the eastern part of the Mediterranean
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