Abstract
Background: This review aims to investigate the association of sex with the risk of multiple COVID-19 health outcomes, ranging from infection to death. Methods: Pubmed and Embase were searched through September 2020. We considered studies reporting sex and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. Qualitative and quantitative data were extracted using standardised electronic data extraction forms with the assessment of Newcastle Ottawa Scale for risk of bias. Pooled trends in infection, hospitalization, severity, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death rate were calculated separately for men and women and subsequently random-effects meta-analyses on relative risks (RR) for sex was performed. Results: Of 10,160 titles, 229 studies comprising 10,417,452 patients were included in the analyses. Methodological quality of the included studies was high (6.9 out of 9). Men had a higher risk for infection with COVID-19 than women (RR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.07 to 1.21). When infected, they also had a higher risk for hospitalization (RR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.27 to 1.41), higher risk for severe COVID-19 (RR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.17 to 1.27), higher need for Intensive Care (RR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.28 to 1.55), and higher risk of death (RR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.28 to 1.43). Within the period studied, the RR for infection and severity increased for men compared to women, while the RR for mortality decreased for men compared to women. Conclusions: Meta-analyses on 229 studies comprising over 10 million patients showed that men have a higher risk for COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, disease severity, ICU admission and death. The relative risks of infection, disease severity and death for men versus women showed temporal trends with lower relative risks for infection and severity of disease and higher relative risk for death at the beginning of the pandemic compared to the end of our inclusion period. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020180085 (20/04/2020).
Highlights
The role of sex has been a topic of interest in many coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) studies, with many countries reporting higher case fatality rates among men than women[1]
We showed that men were observed to have a higher risk of confirmed COVID-19 infection among those tested, and more often had severe COVID-19 disease, required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and had a fatal outcome when hospitalized with COVID-192, a finding that other researchers[3,4] have confirmed and has led to speculation on biological mechanisms[5,6]
The subsequent trim-and fill analysis revealed some reduction in the Discussion Summary of evidence In this systematic review, we evaluated the association between sex and COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, disease severity, ICU admission and death based on studies from across the world
Summary
The role of sex has been a topic of interest in many coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) studies, with many countries reporting higher case fatality rates among men than women[1]. We showed that men were observed to have a higher risk of confirmed COVID-19 infection among those tested, and more often had severe COVID-19 disease, required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and had a fatal outcome when hospitalized with COVID-192, a finding that other researchers[3,4] have confirmed and has led to speculation on biological mechanisms[5,6]. Conclusions: Meta-analyses on 229 studies comprising over 10 million patients showed that men have a higher risk for COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, disease severity, ICU admission and death. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020180085 (20/04/2020) Keywords COVID-19, sex-differences, male, femal, mortality, ICU admission, infection, severity
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