Temporal trends in urinary concentrations of phenols, phthalate metabolites and phthalate replacements between 2000 and 2017 in Boston, MA

Abstract

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can adversely affect human health and are ubiquitously found in everyday products. We examined temporal trends in urinary concentrations of EDCs and their replacements. Urinary concentrations of 11 environmental phenols, 15 phthalate metabolites, phthalate replacements such as two di(isononyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) metabolites, and triclocarban were quantified using isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. This ecological study included 996 male and 819 female patients who were predominantly White/Caucasian (83 %) with an average age of 35 years and a BMI of 25.5 kg/m2 seeking fertility treatment in Boston, MA, USA. Patients provided a total of 6483 urine samples (median = 2, range = 1–30 samples per patient) between 2000 and 2017. Over the study period, we observed significant decreases (% per year) in urinary concentrations of traditional phenols, parabens, and phthalates such as bisphenol A (β: -6.3, 95 % CI: −7.2, −5.4), benzophenone-3 (β: -6.5, 95 % CI: −1.1, −18.9), parabens ((β range:-5.4 to −14.2), triclosan (β: -18.8, 95 % CI: −24, −13.6), dichlorophenols (2.4-dichlorophenol β: -6.6, 95 % CI: −8.8, −4.3); 2,5-dichlorophenol β: -13.6, 95 % CI: −17, −10.3), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (β range: −11.9 to −22.0), and other phthalate metabolites including mono-ethyl, mono-n-butyl, and mono-methyl phthalate (β range: −0.3 to −11.5). In contrast, we found significant increases in urinary concentrations of environmental phenol replacements including bisphenol S (β: 3.9, 95 % CI: 2.7, 7.6) and bisphenol F (β: 6, 95 % CI: 1.8, 10.3), DINCH metabolites (cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid monohydroxy isononyl ester [MHiNCH] β: 20, 95 % CI: 17.8, 22.2; monocarboxyisooctyl phthalate [MCOCH] β: 16.2, 95 % CI: 14, 18.4), and newer phthalate replacements such as mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate, mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate and di-isobutyl phthalate metabolites (β range = 5.3 to 45.1), over time. Urinary MHBP concentrations remained stable over the study period. While the majority of biomarkers measured declined over time, concentrations of several increased, particularly replacement chemicals that are studied.